Appendices
D
Tidyverse
Experimentology
Preface
Foundations
1
Experiments
2
Theories
3
Replication
4
Ethics
Statistics
5
Estimation
6
Inference
7
Models
Planning
8
Measurement
9
Design
10
Sampling
Execution
11
Preregistration
12
Data collection
13
Project management
Reporting
14
Writing
15
Visualization
16
Meta-analysis
17
Conclusions
Appendices
A
Instructor's guide
B
GitHub
C
R Markdown
D
Tidyverse
E
ggplot
Appendix D — Tidyverse
<div id="quarto-navigation-envelope" class="hidden"> <p><span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar-title">Experimentology</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-navbar-title">Experimentology</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-next"><span class="chapter-number">E</span> <span class="chapter-title">ggplot</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-prev"><span class="chapter-number">C</span> <span class="chapter-title">R Markdown</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/index.html">Preface</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:quarto-sidebar-section-1">Foundations</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/001-experiments.html"><span class="chapter-number">1</span> <span class="chapter-title">Experiments</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/002-theories.html"><span class="chapter-number">2</span> <span class="chapter-title">Theories</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/003-replication.html"><span class="chapter-number">3</span> <span class="chapter-title">Replication</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/004-ethics.html"><span class="chapter-number">4</span> <span class="chapter-title">Ethics</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:quarto-sidebar-section-2">Statistics</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/005-estimation.html"><span class="chapter-number">5</span> <span class="chapter-title">Estimation</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/006-inference.html"><span class="chapter-number">6</span> <span class="chapter-title">Inference</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/007-models.html"><span class="chapter-number">7</span> <span class="chapter-title">Models</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:quarto-sidebar-section-3">Planning</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/008-measurement.html"><span class="chapter-number">8</span> <span class="chapter-title">Measurement</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/009-design.html"><span class="chapter-number">9</span> <span class="chapter-title">Design</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/010-sampling.html"><span class="chapter-number">10</span> <span class="chapter-title">Sampling</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:quarto-sidebar-section-4">Execution</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/011-prereg.html"><span class="chapter-number">11</span> <span class="chapter-title">Preregistration</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/012-collection.html"><span class="chapter-number">12</span> <span class="chapter-title">Data collection</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/013-management.html"><span class="chapter-number">13</span> <span class="chapter-title">Project management</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:quarto-sidebar-section-5">Reporting</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/014-writing.html"><span class="chapter-number">14</span> <span class="chapter-title">Writing</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/015-viz.html"><span class="chapter-number">15</span> <span class="chapter-title">Visualization</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/016-meta.html"><span class="chapter-number">16</span> <span class="chapter-title">Meta-analysis</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/017-conclusions.html"><span class="chapter-number">17</span> <span class="chapter-title">Conclusions</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:quarto-sidebar-section-6">Appendices</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/100-instructors.html"><span class="chapter-number">A</span> <span class="chapter-title">Instructor’s guide</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/101-github.html"><span class="chapter-number">B</span> <span class="chapter-title">GitHub</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/102-rmarkdown.html"><span class="chapter-number">C</span> <span class="chapter-title">R Markdown</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/103-tidyverse.html"><span class="chapter-number">D</span> <span class="chapter-title">Tidyverse</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-int-sidebar:/104-ggplot.html"><span class="chapter-number">E</span> <span class="chapter-title">ggplot</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-breadcrumbs-20606e28a0d567be1dabd5cf50a2dc3b">Appendices</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-breadcrumbs-a0dcdb7fd1c859f516bb2d62d505f4cc"><span class="chapter-number">D</span> <span class="chapter-title">Tidyverse</span></span></p> </div> <div id="quarto-meta-markdown" class="hidden"> <p><span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-metatitle">Experimentology - <span id="sec-tidyverse" class="quarto-section-identifier">Appendix D — Tidyverse</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-twittercardtitle">Experimentology - <span id="sec-tidyverse" class="quarto-section-identifier">Appendix D — Tidyverse</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-ogcardtitle">Experimentology - <span id="sec-tidyverse" class="quarto-section-identifier">Appendix D — Tidyverse</span></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-metasitename">Experimentology</span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-twittercarddesc"></span> <span class="hidden" data-render-id="quarto-ogcardddesc"></span></p> </div> </main> <!-- /main --> <script id = "quarto-html-after-body" type="application/javascript"> window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) { const toggleBodyColorMode = (bsSheetEl) => { const mode = bsSheetEl.getAttribute("data-mode"); const bodyEl = window.document.querySelector("body"); if (mode === "dark") { bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-dark"); bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-light"); } else { bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light"); bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark"); } } const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => { const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap"); if (bsSheetEl) { toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl); } } toggleBodyColorPrimary(); const disableStylesheet = (stylesheets) => { for (let i=0; i < stylesheets.length; i++) { const stylesheet = stylesheets[i]; stylesheet.rel = 'prefetch'; } } const enableStylesheet = (stylesheets) => { for (let i=0; i < stylesheets.length; i++) { const stylesheet = stylesheets[i]; stylesheet.rel = 'stylesheet'; } } const manageTransitions = (selector, allowTransitions) => { const els = window.document.querySelectorAll(selector); for (let i=0; i < els.length; i++) { const el = els[i]; if (allowTransitions) { el.classList.remove('notransition'); } else { el.classList.add('notransition'); } } } const toggleColorMode = (alternate) => { // Switch the stylesheets const alternateStylesheets = window.document.querySelectorAll('link.quarto-color-scheme.quarto-color-alternate'); manageTransitions('#quarto-margin-sidebar .nav-link', false); if (alternate) { enableStylesheet(alternateStylesheets); for (const sheetNode of alternateStylesheets) { if (sheetNode.id === "quarto-bootstrap") { toggleBodyColorMode(sheetNode); } } } else { disableStylesheet(alternateStylesheets); toggleBodyColorPrimary(); } manageTransitions('#quarto-margin-sidebar .nav-link', true); // Switch the toggles const toggles = window.document.querySelectorAll('.quarto-color-scheme-toggle'); for (let i=0; i < toggles.length; i++) { const toggle = toggles[i]; if (toggle) { if (alternate) { toggle.classList.add("alternate"); } else { toggle.classList.remove("alternate"); } } } // Hack to workaround the fact that safari doesn't // properly recolor the scrollbar when toggling (#1455) if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Safari') > 0 && navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Chrome') == -1) { manageTransitions("body", false); window.scrollTo(0, 1); setTimeout(() => { window.scrollTo(0, 0); manageTransitions("body", true); }, 40); } } const isFileUrl = () => { return window.location.protocol === 'file:'; } const hasAlternateSentinel = () => { let styleSentinel = getColorSchemeSentinel(); if (styleSentinel !== null) { return styleSentinel === "alternate"; } else { return false; } } const setStyleSentinel = (alternate) => { const value = alternate ? "alternate" : "default"; if (!isFileUrl()) { window.localStorage.setItem("quarto-color-scheme", value); } else { localAlternateSentinel = value; } } const getColorSchemeSentinel = () => { if (!isFileUrl()) { const storageValue = window.localStorage.getItem("quarto-color-scheme"); return storageValue != null ? storageValue : localAlternateSentinel; } else { return localAlternateSentinel; } } let localAlternateSentinel = 'default'; // Dark / light mode switch window.quartoToggleColorScheme = () => { // Read the current dark / light value let toAlternate = !hasAlternateSentinel(); toggleColorMode(toAlternate); setStyleSentinel(toAlternate); }; // Ensure there is a toggle, if there isn't float one in the top right if (window.document.querySelector('.quarto-color-scheme-toggle') === null) { const a = window.document.createElement('a'); a.classList.add('top-right'); a.classList.add('quarto-color-scheme-toggle'); a.href = ""; a.onclick = function() { try { window.quartoToggleColorScheme(); } catch {} return false; }; const i = window.document.createElement("i"); i.classList.add('bi'); a.appendChild(i); window.document.body.appendChild(a); } // Switch to dark mode if need be if (hasAlternateSentinel()) { toggleColorMode(true); } else { toggleColorMode(false); } const icon = ""; const anchorJS = new window.AnchorJS(); anchorJS.options = { placement: 'right', icon: icon }; anchorJS.add('.anchored'); const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => { for (const clz of el.classList) { if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) { return true; } } return false; } const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button', { text: function(trigger) { const codeEl = trigger.previousElementSibling.cloneNode(true); for (const childEl of codeEl.children) { if (isCodeAnnotation(childEl)) { childEl.remove(); } } return codeEl.innerText; } }); clipboard.on('success', function(e) { // button target const button = e.trigger; // don't keep focus button.blur(); // flash "checked" button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked'); var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title"); button.setAttribute("title", "Copied!"); let tooltip; if (window.bootstrap) { button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip"); button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left"); button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Copied!"); tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button, { trigger: "manual", customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip", offset: [0, -8]}); tooltip.show(); } setTimeout(function() { if (tooltip) { tooltip.hide(); button.removeAttribute("data-bs-title"); button.removeAttribute("data-bs-toggle"); button.removeAttribute("data-bs-placement"); } button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle); button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked'); }, 1000); // clear code selection e.clearSelection(); }); function tippyHover(el, contentFn) { const config = { allowHTML: true, content: contentFn, maxWidth: 500, delay: 100, arrow: false, appendTo: function(el) { return el.parentElement; }, interactive: true, interactiveBorder: 10, theme: 'quarto', placement: 'bottom-start' }; window.tippy(el, config); } const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]'); for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) { const ref = noterefs[i]; tippyHover(ref, function() { // use id or data attribute instead here let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href'); try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {} const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, ""); const note = window.document.getElementById(id); return note.innerHTML; }); } let selectedAnnoteEl; const selectorForAnnotation = ( cell, annotation) => { let cellAttr = 'data-code-cell="' + cell + '"'; let lineAttr = 'data-code-annotation="' + annotation + '"'; const selector = 'span[' + cellAttr + '][' + lineAttr + ']'; return selector; } const selectCodeLines = (annoteEl) => { const doc = window.document; const targetCell = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-cell"); const targetAnnotation = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-annotation"); const annoteSpan = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation)); const lines = annoteSpan.getAttribute("data-code-lines").split(","); const lineIds = lines.map((line) => { return targetCell + "-" + line; }) let top = null; let height = null; let parent = null; if (lineIds.length > 0) { //compute the position of the single el (top and bottom and make a div) const el = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[0]); top = el.offsetTop; height = el.offsetHeight; parent = el.parentElement.parentElement; if (lineIds.length > 1) { const lastEl = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[lineIds.length - 1]); const bottom = lastEl.offsetTop + lastEl.offsetHeight; height = bottom - top; } if (top !== null && height !== null && parent !== null) { // cook up a div (if necessary) and position it let div = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight"); if (div === null) { div = window.document.createElement("div"); div.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight"); div.style.position = 'absolute'; parent.appendChild(div); } div.style.top = top - 2 + "px"; div.style.height = height + 4 + "px"; let gutterDiv = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"); if (gutterDiv === null) { gutterDiv = window.document.createElement("div"); gutterDiv.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"); gutterDiv.style.position = 'absolute'; const codeCell = window.document.getElementById(targetCell); const gutter = codeCell.querySelector('.code-annotation-gutter'); gutter.appendChild(gutterDiv); } gutterDiv.style.top = top - 2 + "px"; gutterDiv.style.height = height + 4 + "px"; } selectedAnnoteEl = annoteEl; } }; const unselectCodeLines = () => { const elementsIds = ["code-annotation-line-highlight", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"]; elementsIds.forEach((elId) => { const div = window.document.getElementById(elId); if (div) { div.remove(); } }); selectedAnnoteEl = undefined; }; // Attach click handler to the DT const annoteDls = window.document.querySelectorAll('dt[data-target-cell]'); for (const annoteDlNode of annoteDls) { annoteDlNode.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const clickedEl = event.target; if (clickedEl !== selectedAnnoteEl) { unselectCodeLines(); const activeEl = window.document.querySelector('dt[data-target-cell].code-annotation-active'); if (activeEl) { activeEl.classList.remove('code-annotation-active'); } selectCodeLines(clickedEl); clickedEl.classList.add('code-annotation-active'); } else { // Unselect the line unselectCodeLines(); clickedEl.classList.remove('code-annotation-active'); } }); } const findCites = (el) => { const parentEl = el.parentElement; if (parentEl) { const cites = parentEl.dataset.cites; if (cites) { return { el, cites: cites.split(' ') }; } else { return findCites(el.parentElement) } } else { return undefined; } }; var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]'); for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) { const ref = bibliorefs[i]; const citeInfo = findCites(ref); if (citeInfo) { tippyHover(citeInfo.el, function() { var popup = window.document.createElement('div'); citeInfo.cites.forEach(function(cite) { var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div'); citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent'); citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry'); var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite); if (biblioDiv) { citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML; } popup.appendChild(citeDiv); }); return popup.innerHTML; }); } } }); </script> <nav class="page-navigation"> <div class="nav-page nav-page-previous"> <a href="/102-rmarkdown.html" class="pagination-link"> <i class="bi bi-arrow-left-short"></i> <span class="nav-page-text"><span class='chapter-number'>C</span> <span class='chapter-title'>R Markdown</span></span> </a> </div> <div class="nav-page nav-page-next"> <a href="/104-ggplot.html" class="pagination-link"> <span class="nav-page-text"><span class='chapter-number'>E</span> <span class='chapter-title'>ggplot</span></span> <i class="bi bi-arrow-right-short"></i> </a> </div> </nav> </div> <!-- /content --> </body> </html>