FAQ

General Questions

What is Wordbank?

Wordbank is a site for archiving, sharing, and exploring anonymized MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDIs) data from the original English form and from CDI adaptations in many languages (such as Croatian, Danish, English, German, Italian, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish). Wordbank compiles responses from norming studies but also includes data that individual researchers have contributed from various research projects, large and small. As a successor to CLEX, Wordbank allows users to generate norms for populations and for individual items interactively, and can be used as both a teaching and a research tool. For background and some working examples, see Frank et al. (2017).

If you want more information about Wordbank and the CDI, take a look at our book, Variability and Consistency in Early Language Learning: The Wordbank Project.

What can I do with the site?

Wordbank is designed to be flexible and interactive, allowing users to generate analyses for groups of children (e.g., how many words do English-speaking girls produce between 16 and 24 months?) or for individual items (e.g., how many children are reported to produce the word “dog” at 15 months?). Since Wordbank contains data from many different languages, it allows you to explore both child-level and item-level data within and across languages. On the Analyses page, select the Vocabulary Norms tab to track normative growth in vocabulary in a given language across all children in the database, or split by gender, maternal education or birth order. Select the Item Trajectories tab to plot the trajectory of acquisition for one or more individual items/words, or the Cross-Linguistic Trajectories tab to compare item frequencies across languages. Each analysis page has a Download CSV button for the current view, and the Data page lets you filter and export any table in the database (including the full child-by-word data) directly from Redivis.

How many CDIs are in the database?

The number of CDIs stored in Wordbank is continually growing, and we are always interested in adding more datasets to our site! To see which researchers have already contributed, click here: the Contributors page. If you are interested in contributing your own data, please contact us via email at .

I am interested in using the CDIs for my own projects, how do I get the forms themselves?

To learn more about the CDI instruments themselves, including information about the many different languages for which CDI instruments are available, go to the CDI website. The MacArthur-Bates CDIs for English and Mexican Spanish are available for purchase from Brookes Publishing Company: http://www.brookespublishing.com. If you are interested in a CDI adaptation in other languages, consult the Adaptations page on the CDI website and contact the developer of that instrument directly.

Using Wordbank

Do I have to know R to use Wordbank?

No! All of the code for running analyses with Wordbank data are available using the wordbankr package, but we have set up many Wordbank analyses and visualizations that you can do interactively directly through the website. No knowledge of R is necessary.

Can I work with the data on my own, rather than through the website?

No problem. All Wordbank tables are hosted on Redivis, where you can filter and export them in csv or parquet format (the Data page embeds the most-used tables). The dataset is versioned, so you can cite and retrieve the exact release you analyzed. You can also access the data directly in R by using the wordbankr package.

Can I use Wordbank in my undergraduate or graduate classes?

Absolutely! Wordbank is designed to be user-friendly and to enable students from all backgrounds to explore data on early language development. For example, students can use the interactive tools to identify those words that are earliest or latest learned in English or other languages, compare the trajectory of acquisition for particular words across languages, or compare general trends in vocabulary growth as a function of gender or maternal education. We would love to hear about how you are using Wordbank in your classes, including feedback for how we could make Wordbank a better tool for this use!

I need to find words to use as stimuli for a study that I’m running. Can Wordbank help?

Yes! To visually explore trajectories of acquisition, try the Item Trajectories page: pick a language and form and the words you are interested in, and the plot and its Table tab show the proportion of children reported to produce (or understand) each word at each age, computed directly from the raw child-by-word responses. You can compare acquisition of a single meaning across languages on the Cross-Linguistic Trajectories page. Every visualization has a Download CSV button for the current view, and for comprehensive item-level analyses you can query or export the full item_responses table on Redivis. You can download the complete table, if you wish, or use the Search box in the upper right hand corner to select particular items. Search for a category name (e.g., animals) if you want to see all of the words in a particular category.

Contributing to Wordbank

Who can contribute to the database?

Any researcher can contribute to Wordbank. Many of the datasets contributed so far represent norming data, but Wordbank is designed to incorporate CDI administrations that were collected for many different purposes and in research projects of many different sizes. We welcome your data regardless of whether you have hundreds (or even thousands) of forms, or if you only have a few dozen!

Why should I contribute to Wordbank?

By contributing to Wordbank, you will become part of a consortium of researchers who believe that, by combining our data together, we increase our power to understand children’s early language development. Following in the spirit of CHILDES, Databrary, and others, we hope that being a part of Wordbank will raise the visibility of your work, while facilitating crosslinguistic analyses of CDI data by researchers around the world!

Do my data need to be published before I can contribute?

Not necessarily. You are welcome to submit your data at any time in the publication process (or if you don’t plan on publishing at all). You could even include a note about contributing to Wordbank in your manuscript submission. If you have published your data at time of submission, we will cite the corresponding publication along with your name on the contributors’ page (and we can always update this if you publish a manuscript later).

I want to contribute, now what do I do?

If you have electronic, item-level data in any format, you are welcome to forward on what you have and we will work to convert it to Wordbank format. It is important that each child record has a unique identifier and that children with multiple administrations are provided with the same ID for each administration. Additional demographic information is also very helpful, especially child’s gender, mother’s year of education, birth weight, gestational age, and birth order. (Please provide a key to your variable values!). If your data include children from special populations, such as children with ASD or children born preterm, please indicate that as well. If you are contributing data for a language that is not currently in Wordbank, please provide a copy of the CDI form itself, a translation of the items, and any related publications or working papers. Once the data are imported, we will acknowledge your work on the contributors’ page and post any citations related to the data (see the Contributors page). To assure that your data were imported correctly, will send you a link to your particular dataset so that you can verify our work.

If you have only hard copy data, please contact us. It may be possible for us to help in digitizing the data.

Does sharing my data with Wordbank violate Human Subjects protections?

No! All of the data in Wordbank are completely anonymized and therefore, do not constitute human subjects research. Potentially identifying information such as date of birth is used to compute child’s age of test, but is never stored in the database. We assume that your data were collected following your own institution’s IRB standards and should be completely anonymized before contributing to Wordbank.

About Wordbank

I’ve used the database for an analysis that I’m writing up. How do I cite it?

Please cite publications for the specific datasets you use, as well as our 2017 Journal of Child Language paper on the dataset. You can see our citation policy on the Contributors page.

What is the license for derivative works from Wordbank (e.g., graphs generated by the site)?

Unless otherwise stated, Wordbank and its datasets are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, CC BY 4.0. If you use Wordbank in a derivative work, you must give credit, but otherwise you are free to do anything else you want with most products from the site.
Some datasets listed under the Contributors page may be marked with a CC BY NC License 4.0 logo. This means these particular datasets are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, CC BY-NC 4.0. These datasets may not be used for commercial purposes but otherwise are free to use and adapt as long as credit is given.

How did you build Wordbank?

Wordbank is a static website: the data live in a versioned Redivis dataset, pages are built with Quarto, and all interactive visualization runs in your browser using Observable Plot and DuckDB. All of the source code is open and available at github. If you see something you want to fix or contribute to, send us a pull request or let us know!

Who funds Wordbank?

The development of Wordbank was funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation (# 1451577) as well as generous support from the MB-CDI Advisory Board.